All of the following are generally used in vaccines EXCEPT

Haemophilus capsule polysaccharide plus diphtheria toxoid is a(n)

Dead Bordetella pertussis can be used in a(n)

Isolated and purified hepatitis B virus surface antigen can be used in a(n)

In a direct ELISA test to screen for drugs in a patient's urine, what is the third step in the test process?

Which item is from the patient in a direct ELISA test?

Which of the following tests is MOST useful in determining the presence of AIDS antibodies?

Which of the following uses fluorescent-labeled antibodies?

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of live attenuated vaccine agents?

In an immunodiffusion test to diagnose the fungal disease histoplasmosis, a patient's serum is placed in a well in an agar plate. In a positive test, a precipitate forms as the serum diffuses from the well and meets material diffusing from a second well. In this test process, what is the most likely identity of the material in the second well?

In an immunodiffusion test to diagnose histoplasmosis, a patient's serum is placed in a well in an agar plate. In a positive test, a line forms as the serum diffuses from the well and meets material diffusing from a second well. What type of test is this?

Which of the following statements about measles is FALSE?

Live weakened polio virus can be used directly in a(n)

Palivizumab is used to treat respiratory syncytial virus disease. This antiviral drug is a(n)

Monoclonal antibodies are used in diagnostic tests and disease treatments because they

Patient's serum, influenza virus, and red blood cells are mixed in a tube. What happens if the patient has antibodies against influenza virus?

A patient shows the presence of antibodies against diphtheria toxin. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Which of the following are sources of antibodies for serological testing?

A reaction between an antibody and soluble antigen-forming lattices is called a(n)

A reaction between antibody and particulate antigen is called a(n)

A reaction that uses the absence of hemolysis of red blood cells to indicate an antigen—antibody reaction is called a(n)

A DNA plasmid encoding a protein antigen from West Nile virus is injected into muscle cells of a horse. This is an example of a(n)

Toxoid vaccines, such as the vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, elicit a(n)

The clumping of test red blood cells indicates a negative test result (no antibodies against the virus in the patient's serum) in the

The following steps are used to produce monoclonal antibodies. What is the fourth step?

Purified protein from Bordetella pertussis is used in a(n)

What type of vaccine involves host synthesis of viral antigens?

A test used to identify antibodies against Treponema pallidum in a patient's serum is the

A test used to identify Streptococcus pyogenes in a patient's throat swab is the

A test used to detect anti-Rickettsia antibodies in a patient's serum is the

Which of the following is a pregnancy test used to find the fetal hormone HCG in a woman's urine using anti-HCG and latex spheres?

Which of the following is a test to determine a patient's blood type by mixing the patient's red blood cells with antisera?

Which of the following is a test to determine the presence of soluble antigens in a patient's saliva?

A patient's serum, Mycobacterium, guinea pig complement, sheep red blood cells, and anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies are mixed in a test tube. What happens if the patient has antibodies to Mycobacterium?

A vaccine against HIV proteins made by a genetically-engineered vaccinia virus that has infected a eukaryotic cell line is a(n)

Inactivated tetanus toxin is a(n)

A hybridoma results from the fusion of a(an)

What type of vaccine is the live, weakened measles virus?

In an agglutination test, eight serial dilutions to determine antibody titer were set up. Tube #1 contained a 1:2 dilution; tube #2, a 1:4, etc. If tube #6 is the last tube showing agglutination, what is the antibody titer?

An ELISA for Hepatitis C has 95 percent sensitivity and 90 percent specificity. This means that the test