Nclex-Rn Practice Questions-Microbiology Innate Immunity-Nonspecific Defenses of the host
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Question 1 |
Innate immunity
A | is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens. |
B | is nonspecific and present at birth. |
C | involves a memory component. |
D | involves T cells and B cells. |
E | provides increased susceptibility to disease. |
Question 2 |
All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT
A | vasodilation. |
B | fever. |
C | swelling. |
D | redness. |
E | pain. |
Question 3 |
All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT
A | destruction of an injurious agent. |
B | removal of an injurious agent. |
C | isolation of an injurious agent. |
D | repair of damaged tissue. |
E | production of antibodies. |
Question 4 |
Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial
A | cell membrane. |
B | capsule. |
C | cell wall. |
D | DNA. |
E | ribosomes. |
Question 5 |
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A | There are at least thirty complement proteins. |
B | All of the complement proteins are constantly active in serum. |
C | Factors B, D, and P cause cytolysis. |
D | Complement activity is antigen-specific. |
E | Complement increases after immunization. |
Question 6 |
Which of the following is mismatched?
A | diapedesis — movement of leukocytes between capillary walls cells out of blood and into tissue |
B | chemotaxis — chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome |
C | abcess — a cavity created by tissue damage and filled with pus |
D | pus — tissue debris and dead phagocytes in a white or yellow fluid |
E | scab — dried blood clot over injured tissue |
Question 7 |
All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT
A | they bind to the surface of uninfected cells. |
B | they are effective for long periods. |
C | they initiate manufacture of antiviral proteins. |
D | they disrupt stages of viral multiplication. |
E | they initiate transcription. |
Question 8 |
Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to
A | undergo chemotaxis. |
B | migrate. |
C | produce toxic oxygen products. |
D | attach to microorganisms and other foreign material. |
E | engulf microorganisms and other foreign material. |
Question 9 |
Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT
A | phagocytosis. |
B | inflammation. |
C | production of antibody. |
D | production of interferon. |
E | activation of complement. |
Question 10 |
All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT
A | they are a type of lymphocyte. |
B | they are found in tissues of the lymphatic system. |
C | they have the ability to kill infected body cells and some tumor cells. |
D | they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis. |
E | they release toxic substances that cause cell lysis or apoptosis. |
Question 11 |
Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?
A | basophils |
B | eosinophils |
C | lymphocytes |
D | monocytes |
E | neutrophils |
Question 12 |
Macrophages arise from which of the following?
A | basophils |
B | eosinophils |
C | lymphocytes |
D | monocytes |
E | neutrophils |
Question 13 |
All of the following are iron-binding proteins found in humans EXCEPT
A | lactoferrin. |
B | transferrin. |
C | hemoglobin. |
D | siderophorin. |
E | ferritin. |
Question 14 |
All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step?
A | diapedesis |
B | margination |
C | phagocyte migration |
D | repair |
E | vasodilation |
Question 15 |
The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by
A | mannose on host membranes. |
B | mannose on the surface of microbes. |
C | lectins of the microbe. |
D | gram-negative cell walls. |
E | gram-positive cell walls. |
Question 16 |
All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT
A | dilation of blood vessels. |
B | release of histamines and prostaglandins. |
C | chemotaxis. |
D | diapedesis. |
E | antibody synthesis. |
Question 17 |
Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with (getting to and getting hold of) microorganisms EXCEPT
A | trapping a bacterium against a rough surface. |
B | opsonization. |
C | chemotaxis. |
D | lysozyme. |
E | complement. |
Question 18 |
Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE?
A | They are found in certain tissues and organs. |
B | They develop from neutrophils. |
C | They are cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. |
D | They are mature monocytes. |
E | They gather at sites of infection. |
Question 19 |
A chill is a sign that
A | body temperature is falling. |
B | body temperature is rising. |
C | body temperature is not changing. |
D | the metabolic rate is decreasing. |
E | blood vessels are dilating. |
Question 20 |
The antimicrobial effects of AMPs include all of the following EXCEPT
A | inhibition of cell wall synthesis. |
B | lysis of bacterial cells. |
C | destruction of nucleic acids. |
D | pore formation in bacterial membranes. |
E | inhibition of phagocytosis. |
Question 21 |
All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT
A | multiple layers of cells. |
B | tears. |
C | saliva. |
D | HCl. |
E | the "ciliary escalator." |
Question 22 |
The function of the "ciliary escalator" is to
A | propel inhaled dust and microorganisms toward the mouth, away from the lower respiratory tract. |
B | remove microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract. |
C | remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract. |
D | trap microorganisms in mucus in the upper respiratory tract. |
E | trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract. |
Question 23 |
Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?
A | eosinophils |
B | erythrocytes |
C | macrophages |
D | basophils |
E | neutrophils |
Question 24 |
TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT
A | AMPs. |
B | flagellin. |
C | LPS. |
D | PAMPs. |
E | peptidoglycan. |
Question 25 |
A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT
A | the total number of white blood cells. |
B | the numbers of each type of white blood cell. |
C | the number of red blood cells. |
D | leukocytosis. |
E | leukopenia. |
Question 26 |
All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT
A | kinins. |
B | prostaglandins. |
C | lysozymes. |
D | histamine. |
E | leukotrienes. |
Question 27 |
The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid
A | returns to the blood. |
B | goes into lymph capillaries. |
C | is excreted in urine. |
D | is lost as perspiration. |
E | is transported into macrophages. |
Question 28 |
A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?
A | mucociliary escalator |
B | normal skin flora |
C | phagocytosis in the inflammatory response |
D | acidic skin secretions |
E | lysozyme |
Question 29 |
Margination refers to
A | the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms. |
B | the chemotactic response of phagocytes. |
C | adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels. |
D | dilation of blood vessels. |
E | the movement of phagocytes through walls of blood vessels. |
Question 30 |
Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid?
A | lysozyme — tears and saliva |
B | mucociliary escalator — intestines |
C | very acidic pH — stomach |
D | keratin and tightly packed cells — skin |
E | cerumen and sebum — ear |
Question 31 |
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A | All three types of interferons have the same effect on the body. |
B | Alpha interferon promotes phagocytosis. |
C | Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages. |
D | Alpha interferon acts against specific viruses. |
E | Beta interferon attacks invading viruses. |
Question 32 |
Which of the following is found normally in serum?
A | complement |
B | interferon |
C | histamine |
D | leukocytosis-promoting factor |
E | TLRs |
Question 33 |
Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT
A | interference with viral replication. |
B | bacterial cell lysis. |
C | opsonization. |
D | increased phagocytic activity. |
E | increased blood vessel permeability. |
Question 34 |
Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?
A | increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms |
B | increased margination of phagocytes |
C | increased diapedesis of phagocytes |
D | inflammation |
E | cytolysis |
Question 35 |
Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT
A | they produce antibacterial chemicals. |
B | they compete with pathogens for nutrients. |
C | they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria. |
D | they produce lysozyme. |
E | they change the pH of the environment. |
Question 36 |
Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT
A | M protein. |
B | capsules. |
C | formation of phagolysosomes. |
D | leukocidins. |
E | biofilms. |
Question 37 |
All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it
A | accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract. |
B | stimulates T lymphocyte activity. |
C | is caused by interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha coming into contact with the hypothalamus. |
D | intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons. |
E | can be initiated by specific types of pathogens. |
Question 38 |
The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway after the point in the cascade where the activation of ________ takes place.
A | C1 |
B | C2 |
C | C3 |
D | C5 |
E | C6 |
Question 39 |
Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE?
A | C1 is the first protein activated in the classical pathway. |
B | The C1 protein complex is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes. |
C | C3 is not involved in the classical pathway. |
D | Cleaved fragments of some of the proteins act to increase inflammation. |
E | C3b causes opsonization. |
Question 40 |
After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT
A | complement. |
B | O2-. |
C | H2O2. |
D | OH. |
E | HOCl. |
Question 41 |
The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by
A | lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. |
B | C5-C9. |
C | antigen-antibody reactions. |
D | factors released from phagocytes. |
E | factors released from damaged tissues. |
Question 42 |
The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by
A | lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. |
B | C5-C9. |
C | antigen-antibody reactions. |
D | factors released from phagocytes. |
E | factors released from damaged tissues. |
Question 43 |
Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. Which of the following would be the MOST severe?
A | deficiency of C3 |
B | deficiency of C5 |
C | deficiency of C6 |
D | deficiency of C7 |
E | deficiency of C8 |
Question 44 |
Activation of C3a results in
A | acute inflammation. |
B | increased blood vessel permeability. |
C | opsonization. |
D | attraction of phagocytes. |
E | cell lysis. |
Question 45 |
Activation of C5-C9 results in
A | activation of C3. |
B | fixation of complement. |
C | lysis of microbial cells. |
D | phagocytosis. |
E | inflammation. |
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